Vitamin E
Every cell in our body needs vitamin E, but this fat-soluble substance is most necessary for nerve cells, blood cells and skeletal muscle cells.
Without adequate vitamin E, peripheral neuropathy results. Other deficiency symptoms include spinocerebellar ataxia, skeletal myopathy, and pigmented retinopathy; premature infants are prone to anemia due to vitamin E deficiency.
Research suggests that certain amounts of this antioxidant may reduce risks of cataracts and some cancers and help people with diabetes.
Vitamin E may also help prevent heart attacks. However, these studies are on-going.
Vitamin E fights free radicals -- unstable forms of oxygen -- thereby heading off oxidative damage, or oxidative stress, to cells. As a cellular "bodyguard," vitamin E protects cellular membranes and other fatty cellular components by donating electrons to free radicals.
Free radicals are produced in the body as a result of everyday metabolism, and in response to exposure to sunlight (ultraviolet rays), cigarette smoke and air pollution.
Vitamin E's antioxidant powers protect cell membranes, essential for red blood cells, aids cellular respiration and protects lung tissue from pollution.
After "taking a hit," vitamin E is regenerated to continue protecting cells. It appears that vitamin E works synergistically with other antioxidant vitamins, including glutathione and vitamin C; these substances regenerate vitamin E to its active state after vitamin E has reacted with, and neutralized free radicals.
Increasingly, scientific evidence suggests high intakes of vitamin E may reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases.
For example, vitamin E inhibits low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation, preventing conversion of LDLs to a stickier form that promotes heart disease. According to the National Academy of Sciences (NAS), a large body of animal studies supports the antioxidant hypothesis of atherosclerosis.